Re: Diskussion kring taxonomi
Postat: 20 feb 2010, 13:36
Jag har Grant et al(2006) som pdf om någon är intresserad. Men den är aningen för stor för att maila. Vet någon hur man kan förminska en pdf?
Här är abstraktet:
ABSTRACT
The known diversity of dart-poison frog species has grown from 70 in the 1960s to 247 at
present, with no sign that the discovery of new species will wane in the foreseeable future.
Although this growth in knowledge of the diversity of this group has been accompanied by
detailed investigations of many aspects of the biology of dendrobatids, their phylogenetic
relationships remain poorly understood. This study was designed to test hypotheses of
dendrobatid diversification by combining new and prior genotypic and phenotypic evidence in
a total evidence analysis. DNA sequences were sampled for five mitochondrial and six nuclear
loci (approximately 6,100 base pairs [bp]; x¯53,740 bp per terminal; total dataset composed of
approximately 1.55 million bp), and 174 phenotypic characters were scored from adult and
larval morphology, alkaloid profiles, and behavior. These data were combined with relevant
published DNA sequences. Ingroup sampling targeted several previously unsampled species,
including Aromobates nocturnus, which was hypothesized previously to be the sister of all other
dendrobatids. Undescribed and problematic species were sampled from multiple localities when
possible. The final dataset consisted of 414 terminals: 367 ingroup terminals of 156 species and
47 outgroup terminals of 46 species.
Direct optimization parsimony analysis of the equally weighted evidence resulted in 25,872
optimal trees. Forty nodes collapse in the strict consensus, with all conflict restricted to
conspecific terminals. Dendrobatids were recovered as monophyletic, and their sister group
consisted of Crossodactylus, Hylodes, and Megaelosia, recognized herein as Hylodidae. Among
outgroup taxa, Centrolenidae was found to be the sister group of all athesphatanurans except
Hylidae, Leptodactyidae was polyphyletic, Thoropa was nested within Cycloramphidae, and
Ceratophryinae was paraphyletic with respect to Telmatobiinae. Among dendrobatids, the
monophyly and content of Mannophryne and Phyllobates were corroborated. Aromobates
nocturnus and Colostethus saltuensis were found to be nested within Nephelobates, and
Minyobates was paraphyletic and nested within Dendrobates. Colostethus was shown to be
rampantly nonmonophyletic, with most species falling into two unrelated cis- and trans-Andean
clades. A morphologically and behaviorally diverse clade of median lingual process-possessing
species was discovered.
In light of these findings and the growth in knowledge of the diversity of this large clade over
the past 40 years, we propose a new, monophyletic taxonomy for dendrobatids, recognizing the
inclusive clade as a superfamily (Dendrobatoidea) composed of two families (one of which is
new), six subfamilies (three new), and 16 genera (four new). Although poisonous frogs did not
form a monophyletic group, the three poisonous lineages are all confined to the revised family
Dendrobatidae, in keeping with the traditional application of this name. We also propose
changes to achieve a monophyletic higher-level taxonomy for the athesphatanuran outgroup
taxa.
Analysis of character evolution revealed multiple origins of phytotelm-breeding, parental
provisioning of nutritive oocytes for larval consumption (larval oophagy), and endotrophy.
Available evidence indicates that transport of tadpoles on the dorsum of parent nurse frogs—
a dendrobatid synapomorphy—is carried out primitively by male nurse frogs, with three
independent origins of female transport and five independent origins of biparental transport.
Reproductive amplexus is optimally explained as having been lost in the most recent common
ancestor of Dendrobatoidea, with cephalic amplexus arising independently three times.
Här är abstraktet:
ABSTRACT
The known diversity of dart-poison frog species has grown from 70 in the 1960s to 247 at
present, with no sign that the discovery of new species will wane in the foreseeable future.
Although this growth in knowledge of the diversity of this group has been accompanied by
detailed investigations of many aspects of the biology of dendrobatids, their phylogenetic
relationships remain poorly understood. This study was designed to test hypotheses of
dendrobatid diversification by combining new and prior genotypic and phenotypic evidence in
a total evidence analysis. DNA sequences were sampled for five mitochondrial and six nuclear
loci (approximately 6,100 base pairs [bp]; x¯53,740 bp per terminal; total dataset composed of
approximately 1.55 million bp), and 174 phenotypic characters were scored from adult and
larval morphology, alkaloid profiles, and behavior. These data were combined with relevant
published DNA sequences. Ingroup sampling targeted several previously unsampled species,
including Aromobates nocturnus, which was hypothesized previously to be the sister of all other
dendrobatids. Undescribed and problematic species were sampled from multiple localities when
possible. The final dataset consisted of 414 terminals: 367 ingroup terminals of 156 species and
47 outgroup terminals of 46 species.
Direct optimization parsimony analysis of the equally weighted evidence resulted in 25,872
optimal trees. Forty nodes collapse in the strict consensus, with all conflict restricted to
conspecific terminals. Dendrobatids were recovered as monophyletic, and their sister group
consisted of Crossodactylus, Hylodes, and Megaelosia, recognized herein as Hylodidae. Among
outgroup taxa, Centrolenidae was found to be the sister group of all athesphatanurans except
Hylidae, Leptodactyidae was polyphyletic, Thoropa was nested within Cycloramphidae, and
Ceratophryinae was paraphyletic with respect to Telmatobiinae. Among dendrobatids, the
monophyly and content of Mannophryne and Phyllobates were corroborated. Aromobates
nocturnus and Colostethus saltuensis were found to be nested within Nephelobates, and
Minyobates was paraphyletic and nested within Dendrobates. Colostethus was shown to be
rampantly nonmonophyletic, with most species falling into two unrelated cis- and trans-Andean
clades. A morphologically and behaviorally diverse clade of median lingual process-possessing
species was discovered.
In light of these findings and the growth in knowledge of the diversity of this large clade over
the past 40 years, we propose a new, monophyletic taxonomy for dendrobatids, recognizing the
inclusive clade as a superfamily (Dendrobatoidea) composed of two families (one of which is
new), six subfamilies (three new), and 16 genera (four new). Although poisonous frogs did not
form a monophyletic group, the three poisonous lineages are all confined to the revised family
Dendrobatidae, in keeping with the traditional application of this name. We also propose
changes to achieve a monophyletic higher-level taxonomy for the athesphatanuran outgroup
taxa.
Analysis of character evolution revealed multiple origins of phytotelm-breeding, parental
provisioning of nutritive oocytes for larval consumption (larval oophagy), and endotrophy.
Available evidence indicates that transport of tadpoles on the dorsum of parent nurse frogs—
a dendrobatid synapomorphy—is carried out primitively by male nurse frogs, with three
independent origins of female transport and five independent origins of biparental transport.
Reproductive amplexus is optimally explained as having been lost in the most recent common
ancestor of Dendrobatoidea, with cephalic amplexus arising independently three times.